Overview
A race riot, as defined by the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is a riot caused by racial dissension or hatred. In 1968, the National Commission on Civil Disorder (known as the Kerner Commission) reported that the race riots that took place in the United States during the 1960s were the direct result of the serious grievances of a minority racial group. Those riots generally erupted when a minority person was killed or injured and other members of the group perceived it as unjust and prejudicial. During the 1960s, race riots broke out in many larger cities, where there was a large population and concentration of minorities.
Harlem Riots, 1964
The riots began on July 16, 1964, when a police officer killed a young black boy in Harlem. The Congress for Racial Equality (CORE) had already scheduled a peaceful march to take place two days later to protest police brutality. After the march, a group of more militant and aggressive demonstrators took their protest to the steps of the police precinct. A number of fights broke out between the police and protesters, and 16 black demonstrators were arrested.
Word of the arrests quickly spread, along with reports that police was beating the suspects and that their cries and screaming could be heard outside the building. These rumors prompted a crowd to gather and by 10:30 p.m., a riot began, with protesters throwing Molotov cocktails, stones and bricks. Police came out in riot gear and fired warning shots into the air.
The violence continued for four days and began to spread to other neighborhoods such as Bedford-Stuyvesant in Brooklyn, where shooting, looting and arson was widespread. White-owned stores and businesses were burnt down. CORE chairman James Farmer walked through the streets of Harlem begging the rioters to stop, but to no avail. The violence finally ended on July 23, but left one fatality, 144 injuries and 519 arrests in its wake.
Watts Riot, 1965
On August 11, 1965, police used excessive force while arresting a black man in Watts, a black neighborhood in Los Angeles, for drunk driving. A small group of people gathered at the scene. Although the situation was tense, it was not violent. That changed when a police officer accused a woman of spitting at him and tried to arrest her. The crowd instantly erupted and began throwing bottles and rocks at passing cars and buses. Additional police were called in, and the violence and fighting intensified.
After police left the scene, thinking that their presence exacerbated the issue, the rioters took to the streets with a vengeance and began overturning cars, and smashing windows of nearby stores and looting them. "Burn, baby, burn" was the cry of the rioters. The situation deteriorated and 75 stores in the neighborhood were burned during the first 2 days of the rioting. The undermanned police force was helpless to combat the rioters.
Finally, the National Guard was called in and a curfew and martial law were imposed on Watts and on a surrounding area of 50 square miles. It took 13,000 Guardsmen to bring the rioting under control. When things quieted down, it was reported that there were 34 deaths, 1,000 injuries and damage to 600 buildings totaling $40 million.
Newark Riots 1967
In Newark, on July 12, 1967, police beat a black cab driver while trying to arrest him. A group of protesters gathered at the precinct house and became unruly. When they were asked to leave, they refused to obey and the police began to use force to break up the crowd. A protest rally against police brutality was called for the next morning. Once again, the police used excessive force, and the city erupted into violence with looting, burning and shooting. The National Guard was called in to help restore order. In all, 23 people were killed and nearly $11 million of damage was caused.
Detroit Riots 1967
In the early morning hours of July 23, 1967, Detroit police raided an after-hours bar and arrested 80 patrons. A crowd gathered outside and rocks were thrown at police cars, breaking their windows. The rioting increased and began to spread, with rioters outnumbering police. The next morning, a state of emergency was declared and the National Guard was called in to help the police. Things did not improve until President Lyndon B. Johnson sent in federal troops to help stop the sniping, shooting, looting and burning.
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