http://www.march-against-monsanto.com/catastrophic-birth-defects-in-brazil-may-be-caused-by-glyphosate-not-zika-virus-study/
Forgotten Study Shows Favorite Monsanto Chemical May Be Cause of Birth Defects in Brazil, Not Zika************
I worked briefly for the international division of a Houston-based chemical company (a former client of the ad agency where I was employed)...very briefly, because I soon realized that the chemicals they were marketing to foreign countries were banned in the US. Several countries have now banned glyphosate, the main ingredient in RoundUp (TM). According to the article, Brazil surpassed the US in the use of pesticides in 2012, and the incidences of microcephaly are in areas of Brazil where high concentrations of glyphosate are used.http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/tx1001749
Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Produce Teratogenic Effects on Vertebrates by Impairing Retinoic Acid Signaling
Alejandra Paganelli, Victoria Gnazzo, Helena Acosta, Silvia L. López, and Andrés E. Carrasco*
Laboratorio de Embriología Molecular, CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 3° piso (1121), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2010, 23 (10), pp 1586–1595
DOI: 10.1021/tx1001749
Publication Date (Web): August 09, 2010
Copyright © 2010 American Chemical Society
* Corresponding author. Phone: +5411 5950 9500 ext. 2216. Fax: +5411 5950 9626. E-mail: acarrasco@fmed.uba.ar.
Abstract:
The broad spectrum herbicide glyphosate is widely used in agriculture worldwide. There has been ongoing controversy regarding the possible adverse effects of glyphosate on the environment and on human health. Reports of neural defects and craniofacial malformations from regions where glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) are used led us to undertake an embryological approach to explore the effects of low doses of glyphosate in development. Xenopus laevis embryos were incubated with 1/5000 dilutions of a commercial GBH. The treated embryos were highly abnormal with marked alterations in cephalic and neural crest development and shortening of the anterior−posterior (A-P) axis. Alterations on neural crest markers were later correlated with deformities in the cranial cartilages at tadpole stages. Embryos injected with pure glyphosate showed very similar phenotypes. Moreover, GBH produced similar effects in chicken embryos, showing a gradual loss of rhombomere domains, reduction of the optic vesicles, and microcephaly. This suggests that glyphosate itself was responsible for the phenotypes observed, rather than a surfactant or other component of the commercial formulation. A reporter gene assay revealed that GBH treatment increased endogenous retinoic acid (RA) activity in Xenopus embryos and cotreatment with a RA antagonist rescued the teratogenic effects of the GBH. Therefore, we conclude that the phenotypes produced by GBH are mainly a consequence of the increase of endogenous retinoid activity. This is consistent with the decrease of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling from the embryonic dorsal midline, with the inhibition of otx2 expression and with the disruption of cephalic neural crest development. The direct effect of glyphosate on early mechanisms of morphogenesis in vertebrate embryos opens concerns about the clinical findings from human offspring in populations exposed to GBH in agricultural fields.
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http://www.globalresearch.ca/is-it-zika-virus-or-pesticides-and-birth-defects/5504928